The “network analyzer” of the day was a swept scalar analyzer combined with tedious, point-by-point reconstruction of the relative phase characteristics of devices.īy the 1960s, semiconductor technology was just taking hold. To construct a modern-day Smith Chart, hours of tedious, hand-tuned measurements were taken one frequency at a time. Rudimentary signal generators, power detectors and impedance bridges were used to measure the transmission, reflection and impedance characteristics of these elements, thereby enabling successful development of improved systems.
In the 1940s and 1950s, most high-frequency communication systems used tubes (e.g., klystrons, magnetrons) and AM or FM modulation techniques.
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